【专家解说】： 柴油机电控技术阐述-技术论文-佳工机电网
柴油机电控技术阐述
云南交通职业技术学院 张爱山
摘要：介绍了柴油机电子控制技术的发展状况、控制原理和应用特点及高压共轨技术的工作原理、研究方向、应用前景。
关键词：柴油机电控技术；高压共轨技术；应用前景
1 柴油机电子控制技术的发展状况及发展趋势
1.1柴油机电子控制技术的发展状况
柴油机电子控制技术始于20世纪70年代，20世纪80年代以来，英国卢卡斯公司、德国博世公司、奔驰汽车公司、美国通用的底特律柴油机公司、康明斯公司、卡特彼勒公司、日本五十铃汽车公司及小松制作所等都竞相开发新产品并投放市场，以满足日益严格的排放法规要求。
由于柴油机具备高扭矩、高寿命、低油耗、低排放等特点，柴油机成为解决汽车及工程机械能源问题最现实和最可靠的手段。因此柴油机的使用范围越来越广，数量越来越多。同时对柴油机的动力性能、经济性能、控制废气排放和噪声污染的要求也越来越高。依靠传统的机械控制喷油系统已无法满足上述要求，也难以实现喷油量、喷油压力和喷射正时完全按最佳工况运转的要求。近年来，随着计算机技术、传感器技术及信息技术的迅速发展，使电子产品的可靠性、成本、体积等各方面都能满足柴油机进行电子控制的要求，并且电子控制燃油喷射很容易实现。
实际上，柴油机排气中CO和HC比汽油机少得多，NOX排放量与汽油机相近，只是排气微粒较多，这与柴油机燃烧机理有关。柴油机是一种非均质燃烧，可燃混合气形成时间很短，而且可燃混合气形成与燃烧过程交错在一起。通过分析柴油机喷油规律得到：喷入燃料的雾化质量、汽缸内气体的流动以及燃烧室形状等均直接影响燃烧过程的进展以及有害排放物的生成。提高喷油压力和柴油雾化效果、使用预喷射、分段喷射等可以有效的改善排放。
经过多年的研究和新技术应用，柴油机的现状已与以往大不相同。现代先进的柴油机一般采用电控喷射、高压共轨、涡轮增压中冷等技术，在重量、噪音、烟度等方面已取得重大突破，达到了汽油机的水平。随着国际上日益严格的排放控制标准(如欧洲Ⅳ、Ⅴ标准)的颁布与实施，无论是汽油机还是柴油机都面临着严峻的挑战，解决的办法之一是采用电子控制燃油喷射的技术。现在，柴油机电子控制技术在发达国家的应用率已达到60%以上。
Electric control technology on diesel engine - technical papers - good koki grid
Diesel electric control technology of
Traffic Yunnan Vocational and Technical College Ai Shan
Abstract: The introduction of the diesel engine electronic control technology development, control theory and application features and high-pressure common-rail technology works, research direction, application prospects.
Key words: diesel engine electronic control technology; high-pressure common-rail technology; application prospects
One diesel engine electronic control technology development status and development trend
1.1 diesel engine electronic control technology development
Electronically controlled diesel engine technology started in the 20th century, 70s, 80s since the 20th century, the United Kingdom Lucas company, Robert Bosch GmbH of Germany, Mercedes-Benz Motor Company, American General Detroit Diesel Corporation, Cummins Inc., Caterpillar Inc., Japan 50 Ling Motor Co. and Komatsu Ltd. are competing to develop new products and market to meet the increasingly stringent emissions regulations.
Because diesel engines have high torque, high-life, low fuel consumption and low emissions characteristics of diesel engine vehicles and solving the energy problem of construction machinery the most realistic and most reliable means. Therefore the use of diesel engines has become an increasingly widespread, more and more quantity. At the same time, the power of diesel engine performance, economic performance, emission control and noise pollution are also getting higher and higher. To rely on traditional mechanical control fuel injection system has been unable to meet the above requirements, but also difficult to achieve fuel injection quantity, injection pressure and injection timing fully functioning in accordance with the best working condition requirements. In recent years, with computer technology, sensor technology and information technology is developing rapidly, so that the reliability of electronic products, cost, size, etc. to all diesel engines to meet the requirements for electronic control and electronically controlled fuel injection easy to achieve.
In fact, diesel exhaust CO and HC than gasoline engines much less, NOX emissions and gasoline engine similar to, but more exhaust particles, which is related to diesel engine combustion mechanism. Diesel is a non-homogeneous combustion, combustible mixture formed a very short time, and combustible gas mixture formation and combustion process interlaced together. Diesel Fuel Injection through the analysis of the law to be: the atomization of fuel injected into the quality of the gas flow inside the cylinder and combustion chamber shape, etc. directly affect the progress of the combustion process, as well as the generation of harmful emissions. Improve atomization of diesel fuel injection pressure and the effect of the use of pre-injection, such as sub-jet can effectively improve the emissions.
After years of research and new technology applications, diesel engine with the past very different from the status quo. Modern diesel engines generally use electric controlled injection, high pressure common rail, turbo-charged in the cold technology, in terms of weight, noise, smoke, etc. has made a major breakthrough, reaching the level of gasoline. With the increasingly stringent international emission control standards (such as Europe, Ⅳ, Ⅴ standard) the promulgation and implementation, whether it is gasoline or diesel engines are faced with severe challenges, the solution is the use of electronically controlled fuel injection technology. Now, the diesel engine electronic control technology developed at the application rate has reached more than 60%.
